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If you get in a debate about owning index funds, Warren Buffett will likely be invoked as an example of successful stock-picking. A recent book called Warren Buffett’s Ground Rules: Words of Wisdom from the Partnership Letters of the World’s Greatest Investor covers a period when Buffett was arguably at his peak of active stock trading. However, even during this time, Buffett’s rules and wisdom still shared a lot in common with low-cost index investing.

From 1956 to 1970, Buffett managed a relatively modest amount of money through the Buffett Partnership Limited (BPL), mostly from family and close friends. Already a good teacher, he wrote his partners a series of transparent, frank, and educational letters. While he does write a lot about his outperformance goals and successful trades, but here are examples of how you can be both a Buffett fan and an index fund fan.

You are buying fractional ownership of a real business. Too often, stock trading is treating like playing a game with numbers that zip up and down. Even if you just buy index funds, you should always realize that you are still buying a piece of a business and all its future earnings. These businesses employ hard-working people and provide tangible value and useful services to customers.

In the long-term, the market is efficient. Value investing tries to take advantage of times when the quoted prices of shares vary from “intrinsic value”. Market quotes will vary in the short-term, and you can’t predict them. You can only choose whether to buy, sell, or do nothing. However, value investing also relies on the price eventually returning towards intrinsic value in the long run.

If you buy index funds, you do not spend your time and energy determining intrinsic value. However, you also believe that the markets will work themselves out over the long run.

In the short-term, be ready for big drops in prices. Even though index funds give up the search for intrinsic value, all stockholders are subject to the same short-term swings. From a 1965 BPL letter:

If a 20% or 30% drop in the market value of your equity holdings is going to produce emotional or financial distress, you should simply avoid common stock type investments. In the words of the poet Harry Truman – “If you can’t stand the heat, stay out of the kitchen.” It is preferable, of course, to consider the problem before you enter the “kitchen”.

Beating a diversified index of companies is hard. From a 1962 BPL letter. Buffett made these observations more than a decade before a single person owned an index fund… because they didn’t exist yet.

The Dow as an investment competitor is no pushover and the great bulk of investment funds in the country are going to have difficulty in bettering, or perhaps even matching, its performance.

You may feel I have established an unduly short yardstick in that it perhaps appears quite simple to do better than an unmanaged index of 30 leading common stocks. Actually, this index has generally proven to be a reasonably tough competitor.

Consider after-tax results. Buffett offers good advice in that you should always keep track of your portfolio on an after-tax basis. If you are creating a lot of short-term capital gains, your outperformance has to be rather significant in order to counteract the additional tax drag. This doesn’t mean that Buffett never traded – he did a lot of transaction in the partnership years – but he also had many years of awesome returns.

Today, some people criticize Berkshire for not distributing a dividend, but in fact Berkshire does a great job deferring taxes so that the growth can keep compounding and keep your after-tax returns higher. If cash is needed, a Berkshire shareholder can always sell some shares.

A market-cap-weighted index fund usually has very low turnover and thus minimized tax drag. An actively-trading mutual fund that has the same pre-tax performance numbers as a passive mutual fund will often have lower after-tax performance.

More assets makes it much more difficult to create outperformance. More assets doesn’t always translate into lower returns, but as Buffett states you must have enough ideas to put that money to good use. From a 1964 letter:

Our idea inventory has always seemed 10% ahead of our bank account. If that should change, you can count on hearing from me.

Buffett stopped accepting new partners when asset levels reached $43 million. He decided to unwind the partnership completely in 1969, for a variety of reasons. He eventually found a better way to align his interests by all becoming shareholders of Berkshire Hathaway (and only taking a small salary as CEO).

A mutual fund with high performance will naturally attract a lot of assets. The good ones will stop accepting funds if the asset levels outrun their supply of great ideas. The bad ones will keep accepting funds because it means higher management fees. However, with Vanguard index funds the problem goes the other way. As the asset levels rise, the costs go down and the performance is unaffected. Here’s an interesting profile of the little-known manager of the Vanguard Total Market Index Fund, which now holds nearly a trillion dollars in assets.

I just finished reading If You Can: How Millennials Can Get Rich Slowly, a free starter book on personal finance by respected author William Bernstein. As the PDF was only 16 pages long, you could probably finish it during a lunch hour or commute. I recommend it, but even Bernstein notes that his “inexpensive, small booklet” is more of a map than a complete book. Included were several book assignments to address specific topics. The idea is a young person could read all of these books over the span of a year or two and round out their financial education. In the meantime, start saving 15% of your income!

Here is the recommended reading list:

• Learn the importance of controlling spending. The Millionaire Next Door: The Surprising Secrets of America’s Wealthy by Thomas Stanley and William Danko
• Learn financial basics. Common Sense on Mutual Funds by Jack Bogle
• Learn financial history. Devil Take the Hindmost: A History of Financial Speculation by Edward Chancellor and The Great Depression: A Diary by Benjamin Roth (my review)
• Learn about yourself and behavioral biases. Your Money and Your Brain by Jason Zweig
• Learn about the financial industry. Common Sense on Mutual Funds by Jack Bogle (again)
• Learn more about the nuts and bolts of investing. How a Second Grader Beats Wall Street by Allan Roth and All About Asset Allocation by Rick Ferri.

Bernstein thinks it tacky to recommend his own books, so let me do it. Back when I was a young lad with no investing knowledge (2004), my favorite introductory book was Four Pillars of Investing by William Bernstein. (The new edition is really just the old edition though, so buy a used copy of the old edition and save some money.) However, more recently I have heard good things about Investor’s Manifesto which supposedly has less math-y stuff.

I’ve read all but two of these books and agree that they were all excellent building blocks of knowledge. Most if not all of these books have been around for a while and should be readily available for free at your local library. Even if you pay for them, the return will be well worth the investment. I added a new copy of all seven books to my cart and it came to under $100 at Amazon ($91.48 to be exact). Good graduation gift ideas?